This paper investigates the effects of a retreat from global economic integration on the European regional production network for the period 2000-2010. We find that production has become increasingly fragmented, although the degree of heterogeneity across regions is substantial. This...

We examine how banking supervisors affect credit at the local level by charging fines to individual banks. Using a macro approach to capture the direct effect on the fined bank and the indirect effect on the other banks operating in the local credit market, we estimate reputational, reallocation...

This paper investigates the effects of a retreat from global economic integration on the European regional production network for the period 2000-2010. We find that production has become increasingly fragmented, although the degree of heterogeneity across regions is substantial. This...