Background: The rapid growth of international maritime trade has intensified operational challenges at marine terminals due to increased interaction between vessels, trucks, and trains. Key issues include berth congestion, inefficient truck arrivals, and underutilization of terminal resources....

Background: Increased maritime trade has led to a surge in drayage operations, causing congestion and environmental issues in port areas. Truck Appointment Systems (TASs) are commonly used to manage truck arrival rates, yet transparency and equity in slot allocation remain problematic, fostering...