Between 2012 and 2024, Poland-once a laggard in cashless payments among EU countries-underwent a profound transformation. The per capita number of cashless transactions at physical points of sale increased more than eightfold, rising from approximately 30 to over 250 per year, surpassing the EU...

Despite questions surrounding their reliability, much of the financial literacy literature continues to rely on simple metrics - without checking whether using an alternative might yield different findings. The present paper does just that: we replicate two prior studies and substitute the...

Agarwal et al. (2019) analyze the impact of the introduction of QR codes for mobile payments in Singapore. They find that this not only resulted in a significant increase in the use of mobile wallets, but that there was also a positive spillover effect on debit and credit card payments. This...

Mobile financial services such as M-PESA in Kenya are said to promote inclusion. Yet only 7.6 per cent of the Kenyans in the 2013 Financial Inclusion Insights dataset have ever used an M-PESA account to save for a future purchase. This paper uses a novel, three-step probit analysis to identify...

This article reports the first publicly available results of the newly created Digital Payment Barometer for Belgium. As in other countries, the COVID-19 pandemic triggered a shift towards contactless and, to a lesser extent, mobile payments at the point-of-sale. Strikingly, the biggest jumps in...

Krivosheya (2020) finds that consumers’ use of financial innovations has a positive effect on the frequency with which they use a payment card at the point of sale. This comment argues that Krivosheya’s results are a case of ‘correlation does not imply causation’