Article 6 of the ETS Directive states that aid for indirect ETS costs may be granted based on ex-ante benchmarks of the indirect emissions of CO2 per unit of production. The benchmark for efficient electricity use (expressed in MWh/t) reflects the fact that companies should only be compensated...

The European Commission contracted ICF, IEEP and PML to undertake a review of the economic benefits of marine protected areas (MPAs). Task 5 of the study involved the delivery of ten MPA case studies. The case study research was based principally on stakeholder interviews, undertaken during...

ICF, SQ Consult and VITO were commissioned in January 2016 to review the operation of the 'New Entrant Reserve' (NER) 300 Programme ("the Programme") as operated through two calls for projects in 2011 and 2013 and to identify lessons for any further operation. There are two main objectives to...

The objective of the study was to perform an ad hoc assessment of the need for, and feasibility of, harmonising sampling and analysis methods for official controls to detect the presence in food of GM material at European Union (EU) level. The study has focussed on official controls related to...

This study focused on analysing on-the-ground compliance with the current national regulatory frameworks across the EU-28 concerning the energy performance of buildings. The scope of the study required a detailed analysis of these national frameworks and systems, put in place by Member States to...

The objective of the study was to perform an ad hoc assessment of the need for, and feasibility of, harmonising sampling and analysis methods for official controls to detect the presence in food of GM material at European Union (EU) level. The study has focussed on official controls related to...