Achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and meeting global climate targets will necessitate unprecedented levels of investment, particularly in developing countries. A substantial portion of this investment must be sourced from the private sector, given the scale of the...

Global value chains (GVCs) play a crucial role in today's international trade. High value-added activities tend to cluster at the start and the end of GVCs, resulting in a U-shaped relationship across production steps known as the "smile curve". The distribution of CO2 emissions along the value...

The Vienna Initiative's working group on climate change and financial stability enhanced cross-border cooperation on climate risk assessment in Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe. Between 2021-2023, the group focused on data quality, regulatory challenges, and transition pathways for...

This report provides the second account of climate-related information about the ECB's staff pension fund and own funds portfolios, following our first publication last year. It tracks our efforts to decarbonise our balance sheet in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement and the EU's climate...