Demographic change is one of the greatest challenges faced by Germany as well as a large part of Europe today. One of the main drivers of this change is the low fertility level, often referred to as the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), since the early 1970s. Therefore, on the one hand, while the...

Demographic change is one of the greatest challenges faced by Germany as well as a large part of Europe today. One of the main drivers of this change is the low fertility level, often referred to as the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), since the early 1970s. Therefore, on the one hand, while the...

The ARIMA model based methodology of programs TRAMO and SEATS for seasonal adjustment and trend cycle estimation was applied to the exports, imports, and balance of trade Japanese series in Maravall (2002). The programs were used in an automatic mode, and the results analyzed. The present paper...

Although non-stationarity in the level of a time series is always tested (and there is a variety of tests for this purpose), non-stationarity in the variance is sometimes neglected in applied research. In this work, the consequences of neglecting variance non-stationarity in economic time...

Programs TRAMO and SEATS, that contain an ARIMA-model-based methodology, are applied for seasonal adjustment and trend-cycle estimation of the exports, imports, and balance of trade Japanese series. The programs are used in an automatic mode, and the results are found satisfactory. It is shown...