The bilateral tariffs imposed by the US are uncalled for, and the EU must respond vigorously to deter the administration from harming their mutual trade relationship. The threats of tariffs come on top of adverse energy shocks associated with the war in the Ukraine and lagging productivity...

Starting from the Tinbergen principle and four areas of economic policy, we argue that in practice economic policies each have multiple effects, rendering a clear and simple allocation of objectives and instruments to different policies and their responsible institutions complex. First, the case...

Drawing on a longitudinal database of Belgian firms over the years 2014-2020, this study investigates the joint effect of R&D grants and R&D tax credits on R&D inputs and innovation outputs. We estimate Conditional Difference-in-Difference (CDiD) models and apply both treatment effects...