In April and in October 2025 China imposed export controls on rare earths amid escalating trade tensions with the United States. Although these measures were too short-lived to generate macroeconomic effects, they signalled China's ability to draw on its dominant position in the rare earth...

Power imbalances in EU agri-food value chains have prompted legislators to prohibit 'Unfair Trading Practices' (UTPs). The European UTP framework extends to global value chains (GVCs) such as cocoa and banana chains, where the EU is a major consumer and which are known for the application of...

Letters of credit are a key trade finance instrument that covers more than 10 percent of global trade, with a notably larger role in low-and middle-income economies. Studying detailed trade data from Viet Nam, we document how letter of credit use varies with firm characteristics. We show that...

This study examines the short-run dynamics and long-run determinants of bilateral trade between Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Jordan during the period of 1995-2024 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach. Employing a country-pair time series framework, the analysis...