In order to achieve the internationally agreed climate objectives, a transition towards a more sustainable economy is required. As part of this transition, a new range of financial products is being designed including green bonds, climate benchmarks and sustainability-linked derivatives. It...

This note provides closed-form expressions for spatial Greeks (Delta and Gamma) for discretely monitored realized variance swaps under several common parametric model assumptions. We derive closed-form results for stochastic volatility and exponential L´evy models, as well as some...

This chapter examines the regulation of stock and derivatives exchanges in the European Union. Based on a theoretical analysis of exchanges as transaction platforms, it identifies three primary economic functions: listing, trading, and data vending. The chapter explores each of these functions...

Robert C. Merton is the School of Management Distinguished Professor of Finance at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the John and Natty McArthur University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. Merton received the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1997 for a new...

We use the Commodity Futures Trading Commission’s Commitment of Traders report to investigate the trading behaviour of traders in 12 commodity futures markets. We find that commercial traders are contrarian, consistent with the prevalence of short hedgers, while non-commercial traders follow...

Modeling the native properties and pricing implications of risk preferences, and explicitly imposing portfolio theory, this study arrives at the rationalization of several risk-return anomalies and some new insights. First, study findings rationalize the phenomenon, to wit, stable realizations...

We observe that a European Call option with strike $L K$ can be seen as a Call option with strike $L-K$ on a Call option with strike $K$. Under no arbitrage assumptions, this yields immediately that the prices of the two contracts are the same, in full generality. We study in detail the...

This study discusses a pricing framework for perpetual futures in collection-based Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) which represent unique digital assets in a low liquidity and high price volatility environment. The collection could be viewed as the broad family to which an NFT belongs and the NFTs...

A hedging contract may be closed before maturity when a firm experiences an ``event of default,'' such as a credit downgrade, non-payment, or bankruptcy filing. Counterparties often exercise such termination right and are more likely to do so if the firm owes them money, leaving the firm exposed...

Futures contracts have been highly successful financial securities, with substantial trading volumes and active underlying asset markets. In a dynamic market framework, we show that imperfect competition in future spot markets motivates trades in futures contracts in earlier periods. The...