The U.S. federal banking agencies (FBAs1) have improved considerably in effectiveness since the previous FSAP. In response to global and domestic reforms, particularly the Dodd-Frank Act (DFA), the FBAs have stepped up their supervisory intensity, especially of large banking organizations,...

Countries implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for loan loss provisioning by banks have been guided by two different approaches: International Accounting Standards (IAS) 39 and Basel standards. This paper discusses the different accounting and regulatory approaches in...