We examine how foreign macroprudential tightening transmits through multinational firms' internal capital markets. Using subsidiary exposure to countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) increases, we find that while bank credit to subsidiaries falls 10 percent, parents fully substitute this via...

Since U.S. bank capital holdings began rising almost concurrently with the monetary policy change after 2008, we examine the role of capital requirements for monetary policy regimes. While standard models predict that equilibrium determination and responses to aggregate shocks are fundamentally...

Banks use synthetic risk transfers (SRTs) to offload potential losses in their loan portfolios to non-bank investors while retaining the loans on their balance sheets. We investigate this trillion-euro market using transaction-level data from the euro area, the largest SRT market, and highlight...

This study investigates credit unions' expansion into non-core lending and its association with risk and financial resilience. Using US credit union call report data from 1994 to 2024, we measure the share of purchased loans, lease receivables, and loans held for sale in non-core lending. We...

This paper describes and evaluates the European Union (EU) banking sector capital framework, focusing on how the international standards set by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision have been implemented within the EU. Using granular supervisory data for significant institutions under the...

Under which conditions do usability constraints for regulatory capital buffers emerge? To answer this question, we build a non-linear structural banking sector model with a minimum capital requirement that banks are not allowed to breach, and a capital buffer requirement (CBR) that banks can...