This paper develops a welfare and public economics perspective on optimal policies for carbon removal and storage (CDR) in permanent and non-permanent sinks. Non-permanent CDR reduces mitigation costs, even though the stored carbon is released into the atmosphere eventually. It may serve as...

Climate change damages vary across countries, because of regional variation in climate metrics like temperature and regional variation in economic exposure. This is evident in the breakdown of the social cost of carbon: the country social cost of carbon (CSCC). While for the former a large...

As climate negotiators gathered in Belém for the 30th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP30), the surrounding rainforest was in the spotlight, with COP30 being dubbed a “forest COP”. As one of its key projects, the Brazilian government...

Mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass meadows underpin climate resilience, coastal economies and biodiversity, but remain critically underfunded. Despite their scale and value, they attract less than 1% of international climate finance.

Central Asian economies, particularly Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, are pursuing increasingly ambitious goals for renewable energy. Apart from China - an established player in the market - it has increasingly been Gulf countries that have been implementing respective projects, particularly Saudi...