, reflected initially in higher profits and subsequently in significant losses. Combining data on central bank balance sheets with … economy central banks. Based on the estimated Value at Risk (VaR), we document that average central bank balance sheet risk …

creation of the European Monetary Union. A forceful and persistent response from the European Central Bank, grounded in the … delivering on the central bank's price-stability mandate. The framework will be reviewed in 2025 and it might conclude that there …

This paper examines the impact of rising interest rates on central bank profitability. Using a stylized income model … component into the central bank's profit and loss statement. Our findings reveal, however, that while the interplay of such … policies may dampen short-term profitability if interest rates rise, they do not undermine a central bank's financial strength …

As central banks, including the European Central Bank (ECB), adopt climaterelated responsibilities, gauging public …

This paper presents an extensive update to the Central Bank Independence - Ex- tended (CBIE) index, originally … trend towards enhancing central bank independence, which holds across countries' income levels and indices of central bank … scrutiny on central banks following the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper finds no halt in the momentum of central bank reforms. I …