This paper assesses the implications of spatial dependence of outward FDI flows toclarify the importance and prominence of complex foreign direct investment bymultinational enterprises, which are neither purely horizontal nor vertical integrationstrategies. Empirical tests compare the ordinary...

This chapter reviews the state of the international trade literature on multinational firms. This literature addresses three main questions. First, why do some firms operate in more than one country while others do not? Second, what determines in which countries production facilities are...

This paper examines the interaction on intra-industry trade (IIT) and foreign direct investment (FDI) with special attention to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). We introduce the 2×3×3 knowledge-capital model, recently proposed by Baltagi et al. (2007) and Uttama and Péridy...