The AM1 semiempirical numerical method combined with the geometry optimization procedure was used to study the energetics of active impurities (B, P) in substitutional positions at the Si(100)-2╳1 surface. It has been found that phosphorus prefers to be in the first layer (in dimers). Boron...

An organization is more than the sum of its parts, and the individual components that function as a complex social system can be understood only by analyzing their collective behavior. This book shows how state-of-the-art simulation methods, including genetic algorithms, neural networks, and...