A fall in national income has varied consequences for the working population: some carry on working as normal, others become unemployed. Those excluded from work lose their main income source and must usually rely on public welfare, entering a financial dependence created endogenously as the...

This is a detailed comment on a discussion paper of Munawar Iqbal published in an earlier issue of the same journal.It argues that it is difficult to quantify israf (frivolous expenditure on consumption.Therefore, a better way of analysing the impact of israf would be to start with a no-israf...