Background: Port congestion contributes significantly to operational inefficiency and environmental impact in maritime logistics. With tightening EU regulations such as the Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and FuelEU Maritime, understanding and mitigating the economic and environmental effects...

Background: The rapid growth of international maritime trade has intensified operational challenges at marine terminals due to increased interaction between vessels, trucks, and trains. Key issues include berth congestion, inefficient truck arrivals, and underutilization of terminal resources....

The Asian region has become the world's manufacturing hub due to its cost advantages, driving the development of container transportation. Recently, enterprises have favored Southeast Asia for its demographic dividend and geographical benefits. The relationships between ports are complex, and...

Uncertainty is critical in bulk terminals because it is inherent to many operations. In particular, the berth allocation problem (BAP) is greatly affected by the uncertain arrival times of the vessels. In this paper, we propose the first distributionally robust optimization (DRO) model for the...