This study measures congestion in major container ports and investigates how port characteristics and regional factors influence congestion during the COVID-19 periods. We develop port congestion indicators, including vessel arrivals, vessels staying in a period, waiting time, and service time....

Background: Container terminals (CTs) have constantly administered truck appointment systems (TASs) to effectively accomplish the planning and scheduling of drayage operations. However, since the operations in the gate and yard area of a CT are stochastic, there is a need to incorporate...

The ongoing issues in global supply chain disruptions have raised many concerns of port productivity, among which port congestion is a key issue. This article implements an integrated tactical-operational optimization framework which raises the capabilities of port information systems to deliver...