Purpose: The shop-floor organization under lean production (LP) has been hotly debated for about three decades. As this organization concept leaves considerable room for interpretation, the content of lean-inspired changes can vary widely. This paper pleads for a contingency view of how LP is...

Do “flat” egalitarian or hierarchical structures lead to higher organizational resilience against unexpected adversities such as supply chain crises, technological disruptions, and pandem- ics? The learning and unlearning perspective asserts that the time of adversity and its duration are...