Abstract Endogenous consumption of advertising is common. Consumers can choose to change channels to avoid TV ads, click away from paid online video ads, or discard direct mail without reading advertised details. As technological advances give firms improved abilities to target individual...

Road segments, telecommunication wiring, water and sewer pipelines, canals and the like are important features of the urban environment. They are often conceived of and represented as network-based arcs. As a result of the usefulness and significance of arc-based features, there is a need to...