Many indicator-based methods for the environmental assessment of farming systems have been developed. It is not the absolute values of the indicators that reveal whether the impact of a system is acceptable, but rather the distance between these values and some reference values. We reviewed...

Considering that not all overload nodes will be removed from networks due to some effective measures to protect them, we propose a new cascading model with a breakdown probability. Adopting the initial load of a node j to be Lj=[kj(∑m∈Γjkm)]α with kj and Γj being the degree of the node j...

In this paper, adopting the initial load of a node i to be akiα with ki being the degree of the node i, we propose a cascading model based on a load local redistribution rule and examine cascading failures on the typical network, i.e., the BA network with the scale-free property. We find that...

We consider an epidemic model that extends the two-dimensional contact process by including more general processes of disease transmission and control. A hybrid approximation method that elaborates on the common pair approximation is proposed and shown to give very accurate predictions for the...