South Africa's education system remains shaped by a legacy of colonialism and apartheid, with persistent racial disparities in attainment despite multiple post-1994 reforms. Using wave 5 of the National Income Dynamics Study, this paper examines intergenerational education mobility across...

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education is vital for Indonesia's technological progress and economic competitiveness. Yet, female students remain underrepresented in STEM pathways despite consistently strong academic performance. Evidence from Bandung city junior...