The complexity of production processes is on the rise due to evolving technology and changing lifestyles. This complexity can stem from factors within the production system or be influenced by characteristics or events external to the system. This reprint aims to conduct rigorous research...

Archimedes once said "give me a fulcrum, and I shall move the world." In this paper, we study the optimal timing of contingently placing a "fulcrum" in the context of crowdfunding, with the potential of tilting the random pledging process from failure to success. Specifically, we consider a...