This year, the Subnational B-READY series covers 66 cities across six EU Member States (Czechia, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Poland, and Spain), spanning 64 NUTS2 regions. The primary objective of the Subnational B-READY studies is to identify and address regional disparities in regulatory...

A credible EU enlargement policy remains necessary from a geopolitical perspective, but can only succeed through a more pragmatic and gradual integration approach. New members amplify the existing challenges to EU decision making, rule-of-law conditionality and political cohesion, particularly...

The Council of the European Union decided on July 8, 2025 that Bulgaria had fulfilled the necessary conditions for adoption of the euro with effect from January 1,2026,1 and that the conversion rate should be set at 1.95583 Bulgarian lev per one euro.2 The Bulgarian authorities notified the Fund...

NATO enlargement and Russian annexation of Crimea marked crucial turning points. According to one narrative, the Russian occupation was part of a plan to re-establish dominion over Eastern Europe. According to a rival view, it was an attempt to counter a U.S. plan to subjugate Russia. I...

Global trade flows and supply chains adjust gradually. Empirical estimates of the trade elasticity for the short run are a fraction of those for the long run and suggest that trade is subject to substantive dynamic frictions. We develop a tractable framework that provides microfoundations for...

On 4 July 2024, colleagues from the Legal Services of the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament, the EFTA Surveillance Authority, the Single Resolution Board and the Court of Justice of the European Union gathered together for the seminar entitled '20...

We investigate the broad economic impact of accession in the case of 13 countries who joined the European Union starting with 2004, by comparing them with both EU and non-EU countries. Using 25 years of data, we document significant post-accession improvements in productivity and/or GDP per...

The EU is at a critical turning point for its competitiveness, decarbonisation and energy security. High energy costs put Europe at a real risk of deindustrialisation and threaten our economic growth. They are hurting our citizens, with energy poverty affecting more than 46 million Europeans....