This article examines Azerbaijan’s post-oil economic trajectory and assesses the country’s growing exposure to the middle-income trap. Drawing on retrospective macroeconomic data, medium- and long-term forecasts, and comparative evidence from Armenia, Georgia, and Kazakhstan, the study...

Between February and April 2026, a joint American-Israeli air campaign against Iran drew retaliatory strikes across the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states. Global commentary settled quickly into a familiar frame, asking what the disruption meant for oil prices, shipping routes, and world...