This paper examines the rise of non-bank financial intermediaries (NBFIs) and its implications for financial stability and monetary policy transmission in the Euro Area and the United States. While the U.S. financial system has long been market-based, the Euro Area has experienced a striking...

The United States experienced an unprecedented increase in unemployment insurance (UI) claims beginning in March 2020. State UI-benefit systems were strained beyond their administrative capacity to process the dual challenge of an unprecedented increase in claims and changes to UI benefits. In...

The importance of policy coordination between fiscal and monetary policy authorities has become more apparent, in the face of unexpected economic shocks and persistent macroeconomic challenges. In this paper, we employ the Set-Theoretic Approach (STA) to explicitly measure the presence of...

The 2×2 game is the simplest non-trivial model of strategic interaction: there are two players, each has two strategies, and each has a strict preference ranking over the four possible outcomes. For models of play that depend only on the ranking of the outcomes, the catalog of 2×2 games...

This paper focuses on the Republic of Azerbaijan's Financial Sector Assessment Program as part of Financial System Stability Assessment. Azerbaijan's economy has recovered from two downturns prompted by the collapse of global oil prices in 2015 and coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in 2020. An...