This paper has four goals: First, the use of cash as a possible driving factor of the shadow economy is investigated … somewhat larger than on the shadow economy, but it is certainly not a decisive factor for bribery activities. Some figures … a minor influence on the shadow economy, crime and terrorism, but potentially a major influence on civil liberties. …

This paper provides a long-term view by studying the effect of the underground or shadow economy on economic growth in … between economic growth and its determinants. Results suggest that prior to WWII the shadow economy had a negative effect on … economic growth; however, post-WWII the shadow economy was beneficial for growth. This ambiguity regarding the overall growth …

development and international trade openness with regard to the size of the underground economy in 20 EU (European Union … sector development and trade openness on the size of the underground economy. In addition to the static relationship … of the underground economy, and the existence of the negative correlation between the official GDP and the size of the …