Production takes place in complex networks. An important question is how the efficiency of the whole network is related to that of the individual production units forming the network. A general network production theory with following characteristics is developed. Analysed networks may possess...

The paper systematically extends a recently developed general production theory for networks of arbitrarily complex structure by utilising multi-criteria analysis to include undesirable objects as inputs and outputs. By embedding Koopmans' linear activity analysis into the broader framework the...

Unlocking the power of sustainable growth, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles are redefining the future of responsible investment and corporate excellence. ESG regulations ensure that organizations maintain sustainable development and improve non-monetary metrics, such as...

A decline in poverty generally masks regional disparities that are due to varying efficiency among states. Using a generalized true random-effects model, we distinguish between persistent and transient inefficiencies on subnational efficiency to reduce poverty and its determinants in Bolivia....