Risk interaction network (RIN), a system comprised of risk (nodes) and triggering relations (edges) between risks, changes the likelihood of occurring and also the impact of a risk. An issue of optimizing RIN, allowing for the risk response actions of weakening risk interactions, departs from...

Follow the leader (FTL) algorithm is a newly developed optimization algorithm inspired by a sheep's movement within a flock. FTL has been successfully implemented to solve power prediction problems. However, the probability of falling in local optima is high due to randomness in the step...

Passengers must use a set of modes and vehicles to reach their destination in complicated urban structures. Choosing an optimal route is a complicated optimization problem for these passengers. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization algorithm to solve the routing problem in the urban...