This study examines the determinants of gold returns over the period 2000-2025, a period marked by recurrent financial crises, geopolitical tensions, and major shifts in global monetary conditions. As gold represents both a strategic commodity and a key reserve asset, understanding the channels...

This study investigates the long-memory properties of the prices of three Kenyan commodities (tea, coffee and horticultural products) by applying fractional integration methods to monthly data spanning the period from August 1998 to December 2024. The empirical results provide evidence of...

This paper investigates tail-risk transmission and asymmetric dependence in commodity markets using an asymmetric fuzzy vine copula framework applied to gold, crude oil, natural gas, and silver from 1 January 2015 to 1 January 2025, extracted from Yahoo Finance. Bootstrap-based trapezoidal fuzzy...

The global energy transition is reshaping commodity demand, yet its implications for commodity risk transmission remain unclear. We analyze connectedness among Energy Transition Metals (ETMs) - a subset of metals that are key inputs in clean energy technologies - energy commodities, and...

This paper aims to investigate the sensitivity of the gas market: Russian Natural Gas and Liquefied Gas, to other commodity categories. It sheds light on the Russian-Ukrainian crisis by using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag model on daily prices of Russian Natural Gas, Liquefied Natural Gas,...

Europe's Critical Raw Materials Act faces a fundamental implementation barrier: community opposition has emerged as the decisive constraint on new mining projects, not geology or economics. With 85% of known domestic mineral deposits lying within or near environmentally protected areas,...

Conventional VAR-based volatility spillover measures rely on homoskedasticity and single-Gaussian assumptions, limiting their ability to capture structural breaks and heterogeneous shocks during crises. This study develops a flexible framework to analyze volatility transmission in U.S. commodity...

Recycling and waste trade are increasingly important for mitigating supply risks and en-vironmental concerns associated with raw material imports, yet little is known about the economic and technical potential for substitution between recycled and virgin materials. This paper estimates...