As investment portfolios become increasingly diversified and financial asset risks grow more complex, accurately forecasting the risk of multiple asset classes through mathematical modeling and identifying their heterogeneity has emerged as a critical topic in financial research. This study...

This paper examines tail connectedness between various exchange-traded funds (ETFs) focused on artificial intelligence (AI) and some traditional assets such as bonds, equities, Bitcoin, and oil, as well as the VIX uncertainty index, using US daily data over the period from 1 January 2023 to 23...