This note examines the grants and loans provided by the European Union (EU) and China to the Western Balkan economies. The EU remains dominant in grant funding, with annual Instrument for Preaccession Assistance (IPA) grants averaging 0.8% of the region's GDP, far above the 0.02% of GDP from...

This note discusses recent developments in economic relations between Russia and China. China has become an essential economic partner for Russia since the invasion of Ukraine. Cut off from most Western economies, Russia today is heavily dependent on trade with China and actively pursues greater...

Purpose - This study examines the effect of external debt and domestic capital formation on economic development in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies. Design/methodology/approach - Using the Dynamic Common Correlation Effects (DCCE) technique and the Driscoll and Kraay fixed-effect technique,...

Purpose - This paper explores the impact of South Korea's partner countries' intellectual property rights protection (IPRP) level on South Korea's trade dynamics and its GVC participation. Design/methodology/approach - Through a literature review and an empirical analysis based on two models,...