adolescence in compulsory education. Employing an empirical strategy that compares students born in December (young–for–grade) and … January (old–for–grade) while controlling for potential confounders, we find that young–for–grade students are less likely to …

adolescence in compulsory education. Employing an empirical strategy that compares students born in December (young-for-grade) and … January (old-for-grade) while controlling for potential confounders, we find that young-for-grade students are less likely to …

for parallel trend validation, this paper unpacks student-by-course variations in grade expectations using within …-semester switches in grade option choice as a lens. We find causal evidence that distance from campus and internet access affected grade …