This paper looks at how Brexit has affected trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) between the United Kingdom and the EU. In 2020 the United Kingdom and the EU signed the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)1, establishing the post-Brexit relationship and, in particular, a tariff-free area...

This paper brings new compelling regional-level evidence on the environmental degradation brought about by intra-European value chains. The paper postulates the presence of pollution havens derived as a consequence of the European production integration. We identify a neat elites-ghettos divide...

Climate policies do not operate in isolation but propagate through global production networks, affecting industries beyond national borders. This paper combines international input-output data with a granular instrumental variable approach to capture how foreign regulations transmit through...

The maquila regime in Paraguay has become one of the main drivers of industrial exports of the country. Since its regulation by Decree no 9,585/2000, maquilas have grown significantly, representing 67% of Paraguay's manufactured exports in 2023. Paraguay follows a path similar to other...