of consumption-led and export-led growth models, we add an investment-led model within a variegated set of ECE … specificities in (1) the effects of international interdependencies on growth models, (2) the political underpinnings of growth … models through social blocs, and (3) the existence of structural productive heterogeneities leading to regional growth models …

We present a new methodology for operationalizing growth models based on import-adjusted demand components. Applying … identify the respective growth models. We find that most countries are export-led or domestic demand-led and that other forms …