This Report gives an overview of the effective import tariff rates of the US on its most important trade partners in 2025 and the first months of 2026. Our analysis shows that the average effective bilateral US tariff rate on imports from the European Union (EU) was only 7.8 per cent from...

The rapid growth of international retail e-commerce has drawn scrutiny to the US de minimis rule, which exempts low-value imports from tariffs. This paper analyzes how the rule shapes the small-value e-commerce trade. We examine whether tariff increases during the 2018-2019 US-China trade war...

Parallel imports are genuine products imported into the United Kingdom without the consent of the intellectual property (IP) rights holder, often taking place when there is a price or availability difference between markets. Parallel import restrictions (PIRs) allow producers to control...