Egypt has experienced a sharp rise in external debt over the past decade, increasing from USD 55.8 billion in 2015 to over USD 165.3 billion by 2023. Despite maintaining a debt-to-GDP ratio within internationally accepted thresholds (approximately 45% in 2023), the country faces mounting...

Public infrastructure faces rising pressures from climate change and other environmental factors, requiring it to mitigate negative impacts and adapt to diverse social needs. The United Nations (hereinafter - UN) Sustainable Development Goals have set multiple objectives to be achieved by 2030,...