Online ratings emerge from a multi-stage process that can systematically distort their informational content. We develop a unified framework decomposing the rating process into distinct components: experienced quality (driven by intrinsic quality, seller effort, and price), expectations formed...

Online ratings emerge from a multi-stage process that can systematically distort their informational content. We develop a unified framework decomposing the rating process into distinct components: experienced quality (driven by intrinsic quality, seller effort, and price), expectations formed...

This article examines the applicability of the Digital Services Act (DSA) to ChatGPT, arguing that it should be classified as a hybrid of the two types of hosting services: online search engines and platforms. This requires classifying search engines as hosting services, which we show is...

This paper studies the impact of the European Union's Digital Markets Act (DMA) on user search behavior and traffic to online mapping services, focusing on recent changes to Google's search results page. In January 2024, Google altered the display of location-based queries for EU users by...

This paper introduces the concept of the superplatform to analyse and regulate Google's online advertising ecosystem. As the operator of the world's largest ad exchanges, Google often escapes regulatory oversight and scholarly scrutiny. The superplatform is conceptualised as an integrated...

Marketplace platforms are central players in online retail and are in an advantageous position to leverage data generated by third-party sellers. This paper analyzes how a platform's encroachment decision - whether to enter its marketplace as a direct competitor - is shaped by regulations that...