As countries worldwide grapple with the urgent need to mitigate climate change, adopting low-carbon energy sources has become a top global priority. This priority is particularly emphasized in the European Union (EU), with various initiatives, policies, and regulations to promote renewable...

Several life contingency agreements are based on the assumption that policyholders have impaired life expectancy attributable to factors, such as lifestyle, social class, or preexisting health issues. Quantifying two crucial variables, augmented death probabilities and the discount rate of...

This study presents an intuitionistic fuzzy prey-predator model with time delay, where several toxic substances from external sources contaminate the prey and predator species. The system consists of one prey and one predator, with the logistic growth of prey species and predation terms...

This study proposes a new class of fuzzy sets called Quintic Fuzzy Set (QuFS), where the sum of the fifth power of the membership degree and non-membership degree is less than or equal to one. We introduce the complement operator and basic operations on QuFS and further develop various theorems...

Ecological risks are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty about the chances of unfavorable event outcomes and the losses associated with those outcomes. Subjective expert judgment is widely used when baseline data are insufficient. This introduces additional uncertainties in the results...