Objectives: This study examines the convergence of smuggling and trafficking in persons along the Central Mediterranean Route (CMR) to Europe. We explore where and how these phenomena blur, impacting states’ obligations and policy decisions. Methods: We analyse 71 interviews with migrants who...

The illegal cultivation of cannabis in the UK is a serious problem that can involve the exploitation of vulnerable migrant populations who are trafficked to work as cannabis growers under conditions of debt bondage and modern slavery. Although there is much public interest in modern slavery and...

This Handbook demonstrates that migrant regularisation is not an exceptional measure but a core policy tool of migration governance. It examines policy designs, actors, and implementation challenges, highlighting impacts on labour markets, rights and social cohesion. Drawing on evidence from...