—through duration expansions to the kindergarten day—to better understand mothers’ and families’ constraints. We first show that mothers … of children in full-day kindergarten spend significantly more time at work, less time with their children, less time …-day kindergarteners. Exploiting full-day kindergarten variation across place and time from 1992 through 2022, combined with the narrow age …

. Access to charity nurseries with kindergarten instruction raised children's years of education and reduced their likelihood …. Our findings suggest that kindergarten instruction in charity nurseries helped immigrant children better understand …