‐cycle model, we determine that the tax‐and‐transfer system offsets 45% of lifetime earnings inequality attributed to differences … in productive abilities and education. Additionally, the system insures against 47% of lifetime earnings risk …. Implementing a lifetime tax reform that links annual taxes to prior employment could enhance the system's insurance function …

's lifetime earnings? Using a Vector Error Correction Model to analyze annual US CPS data from 1964 to 2019, we find patterns … linking these factors and demonstrating that they have significant roles to women's lifetime earnings but not to men's. These …

potential lifetime earnings. Our analysis focuses on the period from March 2020 to October 2021. We then quantify the average …