uncertainty about the risks in question and involve three trade-offs: risk avoidance vs innovation; liability vs collective risk … sharing; and equity vs practicable claims settlement. A number of examples, most importantly nuclear liability and the … measures taken in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attack, illustrate that fair allocation of liability is somewhat impaired when …

customers, employees, and counterparties. These "algorithmic operations" can improve efficiency but also concentrate liability … in a small number of technically complex, drifting models. Algorithmic operations liability (AOL) risk arises when these …