Innovation ecosystems use R&D inputs to generate innovation outputs first and innovation impacts later. But some countries show a relatively low transmission, such as in the case of Kazakhstan, the largest economy in Central Asia. This article analyzes the transmission from R&D into innovation...

Innovation ecosystems use R&D inputs to generate innovation outputs first and innovation impacts later. But some countries show a relatively low transmission, such as in the case of Kazakhstan, the largest economy in Central Asia. This article analyzes the transmission from R&D into innovation...

Abstract In this note, we recollect some formulas and facts about linear mixed models in relation to Cohen’s effect size measure f2. It is shown how an estimate of the variance-covariance matrix for the estimated fixed effects parameter vector may serve to compute f2in the presence of random...