Background: Spare parts distribution networks (DNs) play a strategic role in retailers' profitability. Among DN configuration decisions, selecting the optimal stock deployment policy-centralised, decentralised, or hybrid inventory allocation across distribution centres (DCs)-critically affects...

Instrumental variables (IV) methods are central to applied microeconomics. While classical approaches assume linear models with constant effects, recent literature has shifted toward the local average treatment effect (LATE) framework to accommodate heterogeneous treatment effects. This paper...