This paper argues that the European macroprudential regime has evolved into a complex architecture of buffers, national discretion, and instrument-specific controls due to persistent doubts regarding the credibility of the EU bank resolution regime. Moreover, macroprudential controls are...

Financial institutions, especially in Europe, hold a disproportionate amount of domestic sovereign debt. We examine the extent to which this home bias leads to capital misallocation in a real business cycle model with imperfect information and fiscal stress. We assume banks can hold sovereign...

Climate change poses significant challenges through rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and the exposure of economic (and societal) systems to these dangers. The irreversible and potentially non-linear nature of climate change, together with evolving technological and policy landscapes,...

Consumer credit spreads significantly impact consumption and asset dynamics, affecting indebted households' spending behavior and the income sensitivity of consumption. Analyzing Danish data, we find that elevated credit spreads reduce consumption of indebted households. Our results suggest that...

This paper studies how mortgage borrowers and house prices react to a tightening of mortgage limits following a policy change in Ireland in 2015. The policy introduced limits to the loan-to-income and loan-to-value ratios of new mortgages issued. In response to a tightening borrowing constraint,...

We study whether the low interest rate environment paired with booming housing markets affected banks' foreign activities in terms of commercial and residential real estate backed lending. Using a unique dataset covering systemically relevant banks in the euro area over the period 2015-2022, we...