Spatial econometrics deals with econometric modeling in the presence of spatial dependence and heterogeneity, where observations correspond to specific spatial units such as points or regions. Traditional estimation techniques assume independent observations and are inadequate when spatial...

Upper-middle-income economies (UMIE) are experiencing an economic slowdown, partly due to weak regulatory performance. This issue leads to slow growth in private sector participation, thus limiting the ability to achieve higher economic growth. At this critical point, the government's role is to...