Background: Modular and autonomous rail-based transport concepts promise increased flexibility and efficiency, but their feasibility strongly depends on reliable and scalable terminal handling operations. In such systems, transport units must be safely and rapidly coupled to carrier units...

Promotion of transnational strategies is inevitable for multinational companies, but a fundamental challenge is the resolution of the dilemma between cost reduction and local adaptation (responsiveness). This exploratory case study investigates this issue and motivates that a modular strategy...

The rapid evolution of the global economy, driven by digitization and modularization, has outpaced existing theoretical tools. This paper proposes a unified analytical framework for understanding the complexity of digital industries through the lens of Massive Modular Ecosystems. To...