The study presents the possibility to use the forward, backward and joint control strategies, for the knowledge basis, by an expert system inference motive. The practice showed that the expert system is able to emulate the judgment types used by the people (through analogy, formal and...

In the recessionary years following the 2008 financial crisis, prominent voices predicted an imminent crisis in state and municipal finances. The voices – including those of Bill Gates; Josh Ruah; Meredith Whitney; Paul Volcker; and Richard Ravitch – implied that the road to fiscal...

Stock-flow adjustments are typically measured as the difference between changes in gross debt and deficits. These are interpreted as a proxy for unexplained fiscal discrepancies, and often associated with a lack of fiscal transparency. However, such measures fail to capture the role of financial...

This Fiscal Transparency Evaluation report highlights that Mozambique's program of budget reforms has brought most aspects of its fiscal reporting and budgeting practices into line with basic and good practices, as defined under the IMF's Fiscal Transparency Code. The weaknesses on fiscal...

Stock-flow adjustments are typically measured as the difference between changes in gross debt and deficits. These are interpreted as a proxy for unexplained fiscal discrepancies, and often associated with a lack of fiscal transparency. However, such measures fail to capture the role of financial...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Improving fiscal transparency has been a priority in the Philippines over recent years. The government’s public financial management reform strategy has helped initiate a wide variety of reforms, which are beginning to bear fruit. In light of this, the evaluation against the...