Driven by both political camps in Seoul, relations between South Korea and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have deepened significantly since their initiation in 2005. While this intensified relationship was shaped to a large extent by geopolitical developments and increasing...

Some economies are "black holes" where reliable data is scarce due to government control, low capacity, or conflict. Despite these challenges, researchers have found ways to gather useful information. This paper draws on the literature on North Korea to review six key methods: satellite imagery,...

Authoritarian states are increasingly leveraging non-state cyber capabilities to expand their operational reach, thereby challenging conventional distinctions between state and non-state activity. This practice complicates attribution and presents obstacles for coordinated international...

Introduction: The development-geopolitics nexus in North Korea -- State building and late development in North Korea -- Post-war reconstruction and catch-up industrialisation -- Geopolitical contestation and the challenge to North Korean development -- Economic decline and the crisis of the...

"The Contributors to this book explore the current situation of North Korea in various aspects and provide policy suggestions for North Korea to become part of the international community and achieve sustainable development. Focussing on three key areas, of economic development: international...

Introduction: Why North Korean Proliferation Activities Matter -- Road Map to the Report -- Export Control and Sanctions Regimes: Multilateral Export Control Regimes -- Sanctions -- Why Sanctions Enforcement Matters -- North Korean Sanctions Evasion Techniques: Individuals and Entities Involved...

Die Idee, dass US-amerikanische Macht internationale Sicherheit schafft, ist in der politischen Elite der USA bis heute tief verankert. Sie liegt letztendlich auch den von den USA geführten Bündnissen, einschließlich der Nato, zugrunde. Doch tatsächlich erodieren die drei Säulen der Pax...

At least since Russia deployed North Korean artillery and ballistic missiles against Ukraine, it is obvious that Pyongyang fuels conflicts far beyond North-East Asia. Yet, the indirect threats that North Korea poses to Europe's security and stability have developed a new quality: Pyongyang is...